The Poor Historians: Medical History Misadventures

This is the final episode for the Poor Historians Podcast. It's been a wonderful ride and we're happy to end on what we think is a high note, talking about the topic that interested Dr. Max in starting a show about medical history in the first place. The chief source for this episode is "The Knife Man" a book by Wendy Moore talking about the life, times, and accomplishments of the Scottish Surgeon, John Hunter. You may not know it, but so many advances in medicine (and past episodes of our show) owe him a debt of thanks. We thank everyone for listening and supporting our show and for sending us all the wonderful messages over the years. With much love from Dr. Max, Dr. Aaron, Dr. Mike, and Alba.

If you've ever wondered why your over-the-counter pill bottles have that annoying little foil under the cap, you'll be happy to know it's there for good reason. It all stems from this true-crime meets toxicology story. We'll lay it all out here in this episode.

We welcome our special guest historian to discuss an overview of issues affecting medical history and it's approaches to women's health during the late 19th century into the early 20th. We'll talk about Anthony Comstock and his silly morality-influenced laws, discuss early forms of contraception, and will examine all of this amidst the cultural milieu of the era. We'll go out on a limb and say the doctors of this age were a bit behind the times and we're happy to laugh at their expense. Guest Info: Dr. Alicia Gutierrez-Romine is a historian and author. She specializes in California history with an emphasis on gender and sexuality, medicine, and race and ethnicity. She is an expert on the history of criminal abortion in the United States and is currently doing research on intersections of race, public health, and immigration in California and the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands.

This is a fascinating and complicated dive into the history behind the first placebos and observations of their effects. We'll do our best not to lose our own minds trying to sort out the complexities of the placebo effect as we understood it simply in the past, and try to contrast that with all of the newer science on the topic. This gets weird.

This episode was brought to you by our main source, the excellent book on the topic by Matthew C. Ehrlich entitled, The Krebiozan Hoax: How a mysterious Cancer Drug Shook Organized Medicine. Check it out via that link and show the author some love. It's a great addition to your medical history library. This is the story of how a 22-year elaborate hoax was delivered to the American public of the 1940's-1960's in the form of a purported cancer cure. Preying on the hope of those suffering from terminal cancer, one unscrupulous doctor tricked so many others into pushing a fake cure for the disease. We'll dive into the story to figure out if, in fact, Krebiozen, the medication in question, really did exist. Additional Sources: - https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer - https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cancer-death-rate-who-mdb - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krebiozen - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TGjm7wIyUk&t=62s&ab_channel=WilliamKronick Support the show ----- PHPod Merch Store (CLOSED) ----- Podcast Linktree (social media links / reviews / ratings) ----- #medicine #medicalhistory #history #historypodcast

This episode is a blend of true crime and criminal ineptitude. We'll walk through the story of how a gaggle of NYC barflys in the early 20th century U.S. Prohibition Era conspired (very badly) to murder an Irish immigrant who would later be nicknamed "The Irish Rasputin" for his incredible survival of multiple attempts on his life. How did this all transpire, medically speaking? Let's find out. Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Malloy https://medium.com/the-crime-historian/meet-the-man-who-survived-5-murder-attempts-to-the-frustration-of-his-killers-6469d0c1f7b https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_toxicity https://wikem.org/wiki/Methanol_toxicity https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6527027/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology_of_ethanol https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-man-who-wouldnt-die-89417903/ https://gizmodo.com/the-legend-of-mike-the-durable-malloy-historys-most-st-5918834 https://www.nydailynews.com/2007/10/14/the-durable-mike-malloy/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_lighting https://www.mussenhealth.us/carbon-monoxide/autopsy-findings.html https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Death_record_of_Mike_Malloy_alias_Nicolas_Mellory.jpg/220px-Death_record_of_Mike_Malloy_alias_Nicolas_Mellory.jpg https://www.unfortunatehistory.com/podcast/17-mike-the-durable-malloy-he-just-wont-die/ https://thisiscriminal.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Episode-151-The-Many-Lives-of-Michael-Malloy.pdf Support the show ----- PHPod Merch Store (CLOSED) ----- Podcast Linktree (social media links / reviews / ratings) ----- #medicine #medicalhistory #history #historypodcast

This is one of those episodes where we're happy to have Alba's perspective. We'll explore the history of breast surgery, it's various early procedures, and a host of things done to change women's chests for a variety of reasons. References: https://citylights.com/topographies/cleavage-man-made-breasts/ Cleavage book, Nora Jacobson, 2000 (MAIN SOURCE) Squeezing saline bag story, https://www.chron.com/local/history/innovators-inventions/article/Local-invention-made-Houston-international-hub-9122371.php Angelina Jolie Harvard Study on testing, https://hms.harvard.edu/news/angelina-jolie-effect The history and development of breast implants, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7450417/ Angelina Jolie’s NYT Column https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/14/opinion/my-medical-choice.html?_r=1& Support the show ----- PHPod Merch Store (CLOSED) ----- Podcast Linktree (social media links / reviews / ratings) ----- #medicine #medicalhistory #history #historypodcast

History does have a way of repeating itself--at least in broad strokes. In this episode we'll discuss the first opiate crisis the U.S. ever suffered and do a bit of comparison to modern times. From opium, to morphine, to heroin, these substances have been a part of civilization for much longer than most realize. If you or someone you know may be struggling with opiates or other addictive substances, SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) has a confidential 24/7, 365 hotline to call to start finding help: 1–800–662–HELP (4357) ------- Sources: Thomas DeQuincy https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/10/17/the-man-who-invented-the-drug-memoir https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey Confessions of an English Opium Eater Book https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~cavitch/pdf-library/DeQuincey_Confessions_and_Suspiria_1850.pdf Successful Treatment of Opium Eaters. The New England journal of medicine. 1853;48:77-77. https://go.exlibris.link/MQmYF19P Other: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/inside-story-americas-19th-century-opiate-addiction-180967673/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Narcotics_Tax_Act https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002204267500500201?journalCode=joda https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium https://www.dea.gov/factsheets https://www.ohsu.edu/historical-collections-archives/theres-cure-historic-medicines-and-cure-alls-america https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_den https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_movement https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history.html Support the show ----- PHPod Merch Store (CLOSED) ----- Podcast Linktree (social media links / reviews / ratings) ----- #medicine #medicalhistory #history #historypodcast

It's probably popular knowledge that alcohol as a substance of use--and potential misuse--has been with humankind since our earliest days. In this episode, Dr. Mike explores the earliest references to alcohol and takes us through a tour of it's evolution alongside various cultures and eventual recognition as a poison that is capable of great harm. This includes an overview of early addiction treatment and some discussion of how alcohol affects human physiology. ----- If you or someone you know may be struggling with alcohol, see the below references to start a search for treatment options. SAMHSA's Behavioral Health Treatment Services Locato r: 1–800–662–HELP (4357) Find treatment: https://findtreatment.gov/ Types of treatment available: https://alcoholtreatment.niaaa.nih.gov/what-to-know/types-of-alcohol-treatment Self-assessment questionnaire: https://auditscreen.org/check-your-drinking About Alcohol Use Disorder and Symptoms: https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/understanding-alcohol-use-disorder ----- References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_effects_of_alcohol_consumption https://247wallst.com/special-report/2019/09/10/how-much-beer-did-the-average-person- drink-in-every-state/ https://academic.oup.com/alcalc/article/35/1/10/142396?login=false https://recovery.org/alcohol-addiction/history/ https://daily.jstor.org/a-brief-history-of-drinking-alcohol/ https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-alcohol-a-timeline-170889 Support the show ----- PHPod Merch Store (CLOSED) ----- Podcast Linktree (social media links / reviews / ratings) ----- #medicine #medicalhistory #history #historypodcast

Thanks to a fan suggestion, we went ahead and gave this TV series about an ER doctor turned concierge physician for the rich and famous a try. It had its moments.

We've had many requests for this topic over the years and Dr. Aaron finally took charge of it. We'll explore the crossroads of medical history and medical ethics as it applies to the case of Henrietta Lacks, an African-American woman who's peculiar tumor cells lived on to be the source of numerous medical discoveries--albeit without her permission. References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumoencephalography After-effects of pneumoencephalography: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC494289/pdf/jnnpsyc00199-0152.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Dandy Wayback Machine Baltimore Paper story: https://web.archive.org/web/20040814160109/http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3426 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_vRegentsof_the_University_of_California For further reading, link to Rebecca Skloot’s book: https://bookshop.org/p/books/the-immortal-life-of-henrietta-lacks-rebecca-skloot/586117?ean=9781400052189 Support the show ----- PHPod Merch Store (CLOSED) ----- Podcast Linktree (social media links / reviews / ratings) ----- #medicine #medicalhistory #history #historypodcast

In the early 19th century, pioneers on the American western frontier were dying of an unusual illness. It even claimed the life of Nancy Lincoln, mother of the accomplished wrestler (and incidental president of the U.S.), Abraham Lincoln. The cause of this mysterious illness was known to one Anna Pierce as well as the Native American populations of the affected area. This is the story of Milk Sickness, how it was discovered/rediscovered, and how it came to an end. Sources: Anna Pierce - https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/how-1800s-midwife-solved-poisionous-mystery-180982343/ - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Pierce_Hobbs_Bixby - https://greenvillejournal.com/news/field-notes-white-snakeroot-the-plant-that-killed-abraham-lincolns-mother/ About White Snakeroot- https://ag.purdue.edu/department/btny/ppdl/potw-dept-folder/2023/white-snakeroot.html Tremetol Toxicity - https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/tremetone 1886 Journal - https://www.jstor.org/stable/1760447?searchText=&searchUri=&ab_segments=&searchKey=&refreqid=fastly-default%3Acddd2cf72bae6ba307752d7c577bcb50&seq=2 - https://www.jstor.org/stable/27792690?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Abraham Lincoln as Wrestler: https://olympics.com/en/news/abraham-lincoln-usa-president-wrestling-champion #abrahamlincoln #milksickness #medicalhistory #medicine #history Support the show ----- PHPod Merch Store (CLOSED) ----- Podcast Linktree (social media links / reviews / ratings) ----- #medicine #medicalhistory #history #historypodcast

We have a new piece of medicine infused awful cinema to check out. We reviewed Madame Web and boy was it bad, not only as a movie, but also as a portrayal of EMS medicine. Way to go, Marvel.

In the 1930's (and before), there was a mysterious cause of infant mortality. An astonishing number of newborns were victim to a mismatch between their blood type, and that of their mothers. Doctors at the time were not sure why this was happening. This is the story of the discovery of the cure for that condition and a man who went above and beyond for six decades to help prevent it in his part of the world. Sources: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Harrison_(blood_donor) - https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/11/health/james-harrison-blood-donor-retires-trnd/index.html - https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2018/05/12/for-six-decades-the-man-with-the-golden-arm-donated-blood-and-saved-2-4-million-babies/ - https://www.npr.org/2015/06/14/414397424/man-with-the-golden-arm-donates-blood-thats-saved-2-million-babies - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_disease Support the show ----- PHPod Merch Store (CLOSED) ----- Podcast Linktree (social media links / reviews / ratings) ----- #medicine #medicalhistory #history #historypodcast

If you can believe it, watching people walk around was once a spectator sport. It was the Gilded Age and there weren't many options for sport entertainment. We'll investigate how the participants in this early sport-ish activity helped inform the more modern practices of performance enhancing substance use as we know them today. We'll touch on cycling and the physiology and medicine behind some of these ways to enhance one's sporting prowess. Sources: Pedestrianism: When Watching People Walk was America’s Favorite Sport, Matthew Algeo, https://www.chicagoreviewpress.com/pedestrianism-products-9781613743973.php The Conversation article on Doping in Victorian Times, ​​ https://theconversation.com/in-victorian-britain-the-crowds-approved-of-sports-doping-with-cocaine-82225 Frank Hart Wikipedia page, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Hart_(athlete) Ada Anderson Wikipedia page, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Anderson Wikipedia article on Sports Doping, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_in_sport#History Guardian article on strychnine, https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2016/jul/21/the-cocktail-of-poison-and-brandy-that-led-to-olympic-gold-strychnine Support the show ----- PHPod Merch Store (CLOSED) ----- Podcast Linktree (social media links / reviews / ratings) ----- #medicine #medicalhistory #history #historypodcast

We said that episode one of this TV series was bad, medically and critically speaking. Maybe that's not fair. It was a pilot, after all. We went ahead and checked out episode 2. It was worse.

When a mysterious gastrointestinal illness starts turning into a dangerous neurologic disease accompanied by green tongues in post WWII Japan, researches scramble to find out why people are becoming sick. We'll do a deep dive on this one to figure out the cause. Sources: - https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-cure-is-cause-180967666/ - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15152488/ - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC478909/?page=1 - https://newint.org/features/1981/01/01/devils - https://www.medchemexpress.com/biology-dictionary/subacute-myelo-optico-neuropathy-smon.html?locale=ja-JP (How Clioquinol causes green tongue and urine) - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6571072/ (Clioquinol deep dive) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Meade (Dr Who Wrote the 1970’s paper) - https://www.byuradio.org/ea2808e3-db19-4656-878c-f4804984ffc2/constant-wonder-dirty-hands--green-tongues?playhead=1844&autoplay=true (Radio interview with author) - https://www.nature.com/articles/sc201068 (Imaging findings in SMON) - https://molmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/BF03401927 (Possible Clioquinol Toxicity Mechanism) - https://shizuka.com.au/the-health-benefits-of-a-japanese-diet/ (Japanese diet and Zinc) - https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/yoken1952/24/4/24_4_195/_pdf/-char/en (Kono paper) Support the show ----- PHPod Merch Store (CLOSED) ----- Podcast Linktree (social media links / reviews / ratings) ----- #medicine #medicalhistory #history #historypodcast

From the discovery of this well-known medication, to the science behind its function, and spanning all the way to treatments for the underlying condition of erectile dysfunction as well as a complication of said treatments called priapism, this episode covers a lot of ground. As you might imagine, there will be discussions of male genitalia, the existence of sex, and sexual health in this one, as written by Dr. Mike and presented in Poor Historians Podcast fashion. Listener discretion is advised. Sources: - https://www.space.com/24983-auroras-1989-great-solar-storm.html - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26206161/ - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priapism - https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/how-doctors-treat-impotence-before-7530711 - https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-strange-true-tale-of-the-old-timey-goat-testicle-implanting-governor -Rezaee ME, Gross MS. Are We Overstating the Risk of Priapism With Oral Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors? J Sex Med. 2020 Aug;17(8):1579-1582. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.05.019. Epub 2020 Jul 2. PMID: 32622767. -Ghofrani HA, Osterloh IH, Grimminger F. Sildenafil: from angina to erectile dysfunction to pulmonary hypertension and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Aug;5(8):689-702. doi: 10.1038/nrd2030. PMID: 16883306; PMCID: PMC7097805. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sildenafil - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension - https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/03/27/the-rise-of-viagra-a-history-of-the-little-blue-pill-at-20/ Goldstein I, Burnett AL, Rosen RC, Park PW, Stecher VJ. The Serendipitous Story of Sildenafil: An Unexpected Oral Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction. Sex Med Rev. 2019 Jan;7(1):115-128. doi: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.06.005. Epub 2018 Oct 6. PMID: 30301707. #medicalhistory #medicine #historyofpharmacy #viagra #priapism Support the show ----- PHPod Merch Store (CLOSED) ----- Podcast Linktree (social media links / reviews / ratings) ----- #medicine #medicalhistory #history #historypodcast

The Patrons have spoken! They suggested we lend our medical expertise in a new and unique manner, by watching, reacting, and reviewing a popular medical show. We chose "The Resident" and boy-oh-boy was it bad. Whether you're a fan of that particular show or have yet to see it, this episode will let you experience all it's medically inaccurate glory through the eyes of your favorite amateur medical historian doctors and their intrepid medical history intern. #medicalshow #medicine #theresident #tvshowreview #humor Support the show ----- PHPod Merch Store (CLOSED) ----- Podcast Linktree (social media links / reviews / ratings) ----- #medicine #medicalhistory #history #historypodcast

We invited Jerry Landry, host of the exceptional Presidencies of the U.S. Podcast onto the show today to help us discuss the clandestine surgery at sea that was done on President Grover Cleveland in the late 1800's. It was kind of a big deal. Listen to the end to hear a teaser on the upcoming Patron inspired TV show review. We'll talk about it after our bonus content with Jerry at the end of this episode. Go check out the Presidencies of the United States Podcast wherever you get your podcasts & follow Jerry Landry's work via his social media links below: Facebook: @presidencies Twitter/X: @presidencies89 Instagram: @presidenciespodcast Threads: @presidenciespodcast Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland Wikipedia on Grover Cleveland, main article https://lib.arizona.edu/hsl/materials/collections/secret-illness/cleveland University of Arizona website article on Cleveland’s surgery https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jdA5SPM3iWU PBS News Hour feature on the surgery https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441833/ Mohs Surgery https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Tosi Christina Tosi Wikipedia article, she’s an American treasure https://muttermuseum.org/ Mutter Museum webpage https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/head-and-neck-cancer/risk-factors-and-prevention Cancer.net head and neck cancer risk factors and prevention https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385680/ - Surgical cure rates (small study) https://columbiasurgery.org/news/2015/12/10/president-grover-cleveland-had-deadly-secret Another account from Columbia Surgery Support the show ----- PHPod Merch Store (CLOSED) ----- Podcast Linktree (social media links / reviews / ratings) ----- #medicine #medicalhistory #history #historypodcast