Professor Adrian Vermeule, an administrative and constitutional law expert, argued during an October 2022 panel discussion at Harvard Law School that the late Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia began his career on the bench as a proponent of the administrative state and only later evolved into its most fearsome foe. His remarks were followed by responses by Andrew Oldham, a judge who serves on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, and fellow Harvard Law School Professor Lawrence Lessig.